Idol Theory

Idol Theory (Gūzōsūhai no Riron) (also called Idol Worship) is the term used to refer to the phenomenon wherein an imitation of a whole or parts of a subject, the source, gains properties and attributes that are inherent to that source. It is used as an explanation on how magicians draw their power, and how they wield it.

The theory explains and encompasses all known magic in the Toaru Majutsu no Index universe other than the thelemic magic school of thought introduced by Aleister Crowley.

Principles
The theory postulates that duplicates retain the properties, attributes, and powers of the source. For example: A cross of a church that duplicates the cross where the Son of God was crucified, it will retain the holy power of that cross. Although a duplicate can only retain a little amount of power.

Despite this, even the smallest percentage that is retained by the duplicate is powerful enough. As Index states that if a duplicate of the legendary Holy Manger can retain 1% of the original, then that would be enough to match the power of the twelve apostles.

Kamijou Touma compares this to the Sun providing solar power for electricity as the power of the 'original' is almost limitless even with the power split across so many duplicates.

Reversal
The reason why it remains as a theory is because of that it can also be switched around. This means that changes upon an idol (the duplicate) will also affect the original. This is shown most prominently with the Dai Nihon Enkai Yochi Zenzu, an intricate map made by Tadakata Ino, who plotted 47 portals upon the map, and making it realize upon Japan itself.

However, because of this, the belief that harming the original if carrying harm upon a duplicate persisted. An example of this would be the persecution of Christians by forcing them to step on the image of the Son of God or the Holy Virgin, known as Fumi-e. It can be assumed that the overall phenomenon is a rarity.

Uses and Application
The most prominent application of Idol Theory in the universe is to draw powers from their sources, such as to draw the power of angels, as with the case when creating a magic array. Or to apply the attributes of these idols into their magic, such as Saronia A. Irivika, applying the legend of the Leshy into her magic.

Likewise, the special properties of ether, one of the Classical elements allow it to change into one of the other elements, which carries over to its elemental weapon, the Lotus Staff..

The applications of idol theory still occurs regardless of intent. Such as dubious folk charms or occultic souvenirs still receiving some of the power of the original, as well as activation of spells, such as Angel Fall by Kamijou Touya. The greatest extent of this are Saints who are born with a body similar to the Son of God, and along with a few superhuman abilities, are born with the vulnerabilities of Son of God, such as nails and stabbing weapons (as the Son of God was nailed upon the cross and then stabbed by a spear).

Disadvantages
Because of the very nature of using idols, magicians are in danger if a particularly knowledgeable person discovers the history or lore surrounding the original. Then one could discover the magic's weakness, as with the case with the true form of the Stab Sword, and Saronia A. Irivika hiding her magic from the Kamijou Faction all throughout the Hawaii Invasion Arc.

Differences with Personal Reality
Idol Theory is in direct contrast with Personal Reality, which allows Espers to gain powers. First off, Idol Theory requires the belief upon a subject, an idol that a wielder requires to derive their magic from, whilst espers need only to distort reality through their own will, and from there espers could gain powers. The huge advantage of magicians however is that they can wield several types of different magic derived from several sources, while espers are only limited to only one esper power. However, due to the nature of magic, preparations, ingredients, and other rituals are required for the magic to take effect, which esper powers lack.

Due to the differing rules that magicians and espers follow, this maybe the reason why espers cannot do any magic, lest they injure themselves, assuming that these differing laws change the "circuitry" of the human body.