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Arthurian Mythology
Arthurian Mythology is the name given to the entire extensive mythology and folklore named after its pivotal character, the legendary King of Britain Arthur, and centered around his reign and his Knights of the Round Table.

Principles
Like with other folk heroes, there may be historical truth to the myth, the historical Arthur may having been a Romano-British dux bellorum ("leader of battles"), a warlord fighting on behalf of the British kings the invading Anglo-Saxons after the fall of the Western Roman Empire.

Other elements of the Arthurian legend originally had their roots in Cornish and Welsh legends, where he and his men, often with magic items and powers of their own, appear as adventurers facing not only normal human foes but also fantastic creatures like giants (men and beasts) and witches. Due to this more fantastic strand of the myth with ties to Celtic Mythology, some scholars believe Arthur began as a mythical folk hero who was then historicized into the Briton/Anglo-Saxon conflicts.

(Something about the Christian additions, Geoffroy de Monmouth and Chrétien de Troyes, courtly love, chivalry)

Background
As Arthurian mythology evolved over the centuries and spread across Europe, many characters faded from existence or were replaced with local variations. For example, the Knights of the Round Table, introduced later, did not include any of the old knights who had initially supported Arthur. Another example is how his full sister Queen Anne became the mother of Mordred (who was not originally related to Arthur); she was eventually replaced by half-sister Morgause, who kept the blood-tie but is a different character entirely.

Chronology
Shinyaku Toaru Majutsu no Index Light Novel Volume 12

(mentionned by St. Germain)

(table like in Folklore and/or Cthulhu Mythos, for the characters (King Arthur, Galahad, Lancelot, Elaine, Queen Anne, Merlin (Referenced-only category?)) and iconic items (Excalibur, Holy Lance, Holy Grail)).